Egypt secures IMF deal after pound plunge, bumper rate hike

Image courtesy: Philippe Lissac/ Getty Images

Egypt secured an expanded $8bn deal on Wednesday with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), hours after the central bank unshackled its currency and delivered a 600 basis points rate hike in a push to stabilise the economy.

Additionally, Egypt would obtain a $1.2bn loan for environmental sustainability, bringing its total from the IMF to more than $9bn, the government said. This was towards the lower end of what some analysts expected.

The currency weakened beyond EGP50 to the dollar – far beyond previous records – from about EGP30.85, a level Egypt has for months tried to defend. It closed at EGP49.4 to the dollar.

A more flexible exchange rate is seen as crucial for restoring investor confidence and is a key demand of the IMF, which had been in talks to expand the fund’s current, $3bn support programme for the Arab world’s most populous nation.

Egypt has in the past said it would shift to a more flexible exchange rate, only to return to closely managing the currency whenever the pound weakened.

This time, after struggling with a prolonged economic crisis linked to chronic foreign currency shortages, it may be betting that hard currency inflows including a $35bn investment deal signed in late February with the UAE, will prevent a freefall.

Analysts say doubts remain over commitment to structural reforms that have been repeatedly dodged, including reducing the sprawling economic interests of the state and the military.

The central bank said it had raised the overnight lending rate to 28.25 per cent and its overnight deposit rate to 27.25 per cent in a bid to tame inflation, which rose to record levels last year and has caused years of hardships to tens of millions of Egyptians.

“To ensure a smooth transition, the CBE will continue to target inflation as its nominal anchor, allowing the exchange rate to be determined by market forces,” it said in a statement.

“Sufficient funding has been secured to avail foreign exchange liquidity,” it said.

Central Bank governor Hassan Abdalla told reporters that as in other countries, the bank would still have the ability to intervene if there were “illogical movements” in the currency.

While the central bank already had an inflation target, it also sought to manage the pound.

Egypt’s international bonds soared in early trading in anticipation of the IMF deal, with longer-dated bonds jumping around 4 cents before shedding some of the gains. The bonds eventually gave back most of the advance, with the 2047 up 0.2 cents at 79.9 cents, after rising as high as 83.5, according to Tradeweb data.

The premium demanded by investors to hold Egypt’s international bonds over safe-haven US Treasuries tightened to as little as 529 basis points, its lowest level since June 2021, according to JPMorgan.  The spread was last at 581 bps.

Egypt clears backlogs

The foreign currency shortage has curbed local business activity and led to backlogs at ports and delays in payments for commodities.

Remittances from Egyptians working abroad, the country’s top single source of foreign currency, have slowed sharply amid expectations that the pound would fall.

The war in Gaza and attacks on Red Sea shipping have put at risk receipts from tourism and Suez Canal traffic, two other main sources of hard currency.

“The unification of the exchange rate is crucial, as it facilitates the elimination of foreign exchange backlogs,” the central bank said.

Since early 2022, when the foreign currency shortage worsened, the pound has now lost more than two-thirds of its value against the dollar in a series of staggered devaluations.

The announcement on February 23 that Abu Dhabi wealth fund ADQ will invest $24bn and convert $11bn of existing deposits within two months had eased pressure on the currency, with the black market rate strengthening to under 50 pounds from more than 60 pounds previously.

Along with arrears to foreign companies, Egypt faces a heavy foreign debt repayment schedule after spending on mega-projects under President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi that has been questioned by critics and the government says it will rein in.

The banking system had a net foreign asset deficit of $27.2bn (EGP841bn) as of December 31, 2023.

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