UAE President Sheikh Khalifa approves largest legislative reform in country’s history

A wide-ranging set of new draft laws and amendments covering more than 40 laws have been introduced in the UAE, thereby representing the largest legal reform in the country’s 50-year history.

The laws which cover various sectors, including investment, trade and industry, as well as commercial company, regulation and protection of industrial property, copyright, trademarks, commercial register, electronic transactions, trust services, and residency, in addition to laws related to society and personal security including as the Crime and Punishment Law, the Online Security Law were approved by Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the UAE, on Saturday, reported state-run news agency WAM.

Teams comprising of 540 specialists and experts from 50 federal and local authorities reportedly worked together over the past five months in consultation with over 100 private sector organisations to incorporate the best global practices in the new legal provisions.

Crime and Punishment Law
The UAE has ratified a new and updated Federal Crime and Punishment Law. The new legislation offers enhanced protections for women and domestic servants, strengthens public safety and eases restrictions on extra-marital relationships. It will be fully enacted starting from January 2, 2022.

The new law includes the amendment for new criminal penalties for public disorder offences and the de-criminalisation of a number of behaviours too.

It prohibits the consumption of alcoholic beverages in a public place or in unlicensed locations. It also prohibits the sale, provision or incitement or inducement to consume alcoholic beverages to any person below 21 years of age.

Furthermore, it stipulates life imprisonment for the crime of rape or non-consensual intercourse. The sentence can be enhanced to capital punishment if the victim is under the age of 18, disabled or otherwise rendered in a condition unable to offer resistance.

The new law also addresses the crime of indecent assault with imprisonment or a fine of no less than Dhs10,000 regardless of the victim’s gender. If the use of force or threat is employed in the course of the crime, the penalty shall be imprisonment for a period of no less than five years and not exceeding 20 years. The penalty will rise to a prison term of no less than ten years and not exceeding 25 years if the victim is aged under 18, disabled or otherwise rendered in a condition unable to offer resistance. Also, the more severe penalty will be applicable if the crime takes place in a place of work, study, shelter or care.

The law also punishes with imprisonment for a period of no less than six months, consensual extra-marital intercourse with a person aged over 18 years, noting that a criminal case for this crime is only instituted on the basis of a complaint from the husband or guardian. In all cases, the husband or guardian has the right to waive the complaint, and the waiver entails the expiration of the criminal case or the suspension of the execution of the penalty, as the case may be.

The new law also effectively decriminalises consensual relationships out of wedlock, providing that any child conceived as a result of the relationship is acknowledged and will be cared for. Any couple conceiving a child out of wedlock will be required to marry, or singly or jointly acknowledge the child and provide identification papers and travel documents in accordance with the laws of the country of which either is a national, considering the applicable laws of that nation. Failing this, a criminal case would lead to a prison term of two years for both the individuals.

One of the most important provisions newly introduced by the Crime and Punishment Law is that the law be applied to anyone who commits, or participates in, a premeditated murder that occurs against a citizen of the UAE even if the crime takes place outside the country.

Electronic Transactions and Trust Services
The amendments to the Law on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services gives digital signatures the same weight as a handwritten signature, negating the need for personal presence in order to seal transactions and supporting the globally-based completion of government transactions such as contracts and agreements using a digital signature, provided that the country where the transaction originates has adopted sophisticated authentication mechanism and trust services similar to the UAE standards.

The Law of Electronic Transactions and Trust Services facilitates a wide range of civil and commercial transactions, including marriage, personal status, notary and real estate services such as renting, buying, selling and amending contracts.

Industrial property rights
The UAE industrial property rights law is dedicated to patents, industrial designs, integrated circuits, non-disclosure agreements and utility certificates. It applies across the UAE (including freezones). The law is concerned with applications and details surrounding the eligibility for patents and utility certificates and provides details about the conditions for granting patents. It includes sections on compulsory licenses, addressing the rights of the license holder, the multiplicity of compulsory licenses, and the exception to the conditions of compulsory licensing by the court.

Copyrights and neighbouring rights
The amendments of the federal law concerning copyrights and neighboring rights maximises the contribution of creative industries in the UAE economy and provides protection to authors of the works and the holders of the neighbouring rights, in case an aggression against their rights occurs.

The amendments offer special benefits for people of determination in order to enhance their benefit and participation in this vital sector. The law covers all substantive issues pertaining to author’s rights and neighboring rights, including the right to determine first publication of the work, the right of writing the work in his name and the right to protest against alteration of the work if the alteration leads to distortion of the author’s intent.

Trademarks
The federal law concerning trademarks was amended with the aim of expanding the scope of protection. The amendments offer protection to three-dimensional trademarks, holograms, sound trademarks such as musical tones associated with a company and that which distinguish its products, and smell trademarks such as creating a distinctive scent for the company or brand.

The updates also include registering geographical names of trademarks or products whose name is associated with the names of specific geographic regions, countries or cities and are famous for producing this product, in order to enhance the UAE’s position in promoting famous products like dates.

Among the changes is the abolition of the requirement to have a trade license to allow the registration of a trademark, and granting SME owners a temporary protection to protect the trademark of their products during participation in exhibitions.

Commercial Register
The Commercial Register Law has been amended allowing local authorities in each emirate to retain the right to establish and manage their commercial records, including registration, data monitoring and change.

A clearer scope for applying the law was also defined to include the registration of companies and economic institutions in all forms, whether companies or professional companies such as law firms, accountants, and others, to ensure the comprehensiveness of the data contained in the commercial registry for all economic establishments in the UAE.

The commercial register is an official log held by the Ministry of Economy containing details of all businesses operating in the UAE.

Factoring and transfer of civil accounts receivable
The law is the first federal regulation in the UAE dealing specifically with factoring and the assignment of receivables. It provides a new regulatory framework which sets out the legal requirements for assignments and transfers of receivables, validity and perfection requirements, as well as the rules for determining priority amongst competing claims over assigned receivables.

Factoring, a financing arrangement that enables a business to sell its receivables, aims at supporting the businesses especially SMEs. Factoring is a type of financial transaction in which a business sells its invoices to a factoring company.

The law organises factoring legal requirements including the assignment of receivables and perfection. The new law applies broadly to any assignment of receivables made as part of commercial or civil transactions.

Commercial companies
The law allows investors and entrepreneurs to establish and fully own onshore companies in all sectors, excluding a small number of reserved “strategic activities”.

The new Commercial Companies Law aims to increase foreign direct investment. It was issued to introduce certain amendments concerning Commercial Companies: it specifies the companies that are exempted from the provisions thereof, as well as corporate governance and strategic activities.

The law further details the approvals and licenses required by companies in order to undertake commercial activities within the UAE; in addition to the company’s name, contract, incorporation procedures, and conditions for increasing and decreasing the capital.

The law also clarifies the responsibilities of the board of directors, executive management, the authorities of the general assembly, the prerequisites for issuing bonds and instruments, acquisitions and the administrative penalties imposed on a person deemed to be in breach of its provisions.

Higher Education Law
The law aims to regulate the licensing of higher education institutions in the UAE. It sets the legislative framework to approve curricula, ensure effective governance and management of higher education institutions, and improve the quality of higher education in the country. The provisions of the law apply to all higher education institutions in the country, with the exception of those operating in freezones. The law covers all levels of higher education, including diploma, higher diploma, bachelor, postgraduate diploma, master degree and doctorate.

As per the law, the Ministry of Education is tasked with licensing and accreditation of all higher education institutions, in addition to evaluating performance, quality of educational outputs, classification and monitoring.

Online Security Law
The law regarding cybercrimes and combatting online harassment, bullying and fake news will be effective January 2n, 2022. The law aims to enhance community protections from online crimes committed through the use of networks and information technology platforms, protecting public sector websites and databases, combatting the spread of rumors and ‘fake news’, safeguarding against electronic fraud and preserving personal privacy and rights.

It addresses online false advertising or promotions, including unlicensed trading in cryptocurrencies and medical products and supplements.

The law contains provisions related to fake news and misleading information, using online tools, networks and platforms to broadcast, publish, republish, circulate or recirculate fake news, including false and misleading information, false reports purporting to originate from official sources or that falsely misrepresent official announcements.

The law gives courts powers to confiscate devices, software, content or other means used in the pursuit of a crime, in addition to the deletion of such information.

Data Protection Law
The Personal Data Protection Law constitutes an integrated framework to ensure the confidentiality of information and protect the privacy of community members by providing proper governance for optimal data management and protection, in addition to defining the rights and duties of all concerned parties.

The provisions of the law apply to the processing of personal data, whether all or part of it through electronic systems, inside or outside the country.

The law prohibits the processing of personal data without the consent of its owner, with the exception of some cases in which the processing is necessary to protect the public interest, or if the processing is related to the personal data that has become available and known to all by an act of the data owner, or if the processing is necessary to carry out any legal procedures.

The law defines the controls for the processing of personal data and the general obligations of companies that have personal data, and defines their obligations to secure personal data and maintain its confidentiality and privacy.

It also defines the rights and cases in which the owner has the right to request correction of inaccurate personal data, and restrict or stop the processing of personal data. The law sets out the requirements for the cross-border transfer and sharing of personal data for processing purposes.

UAE Data Office
The law establishing the UAE Data Office aims at ensuring the full protection of personal data.

The office, which will be affiliated with the Cabinet, is responsible for several tasks that include proposing and preparing policies and legislations related to data protection, proposing and approving the standards for monitoring the application of federal legislation regulating this field, preparing and approving systems for complaints and grievances, and issuing the necessary guidelines and instructions for the implementation of data protection legislations.